Ritualized fighting in which no animal is really hurt drains off aggression, and submissive behavior can block it. Lorenz believes that species develop a number of mechanisms for redirecting or inhibiting intraspecific aggression.
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If no adequate aggression-releasing stimulus is at hand, one will be actively sought.
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If blocked, this energy may be redirected to substitute objects, or it may explode on those nearby. Within animals, including ourselves, aggressive energy accumulates like the buildup of a need for sex or food. Lorenz clearly adopts a hydraulic model of aggression. It underlies all kinds of behavior that on the surface have nothing to do with aggression and functions not only to preserve but to evenly distribute a species over the environment, to select the strongest, and to protect the young. 3 In sum, for Lorenz aggression is a "driving power," an instinct toward the preservation of life, thus species. The major scientist associated with this approach is Konrad Lorenz, the author of On Aggression (1966), which helped bring back to respectability the instinctual view of human behavior, 1 popularized ethology, 2 and spawned a counter-literature on aggression. The biological approach seeks the sources of aggression in our phylogenetic nature, mainly through the ethological study of human beings as members of the animal kingdom. In general we can identify five approaches to understanding our aggression: ethological, psychotherapeutic, social learning, frustration-aggression, and cultural. I then focus on the particular frustration-aggression theory, which has so excited contemporary social scientists. Therefore, I deal first with the general issue of aggression, summarizing the major approaches and relating these to the conflict helix. Is aggression instinctual or learned? Is it an appetitive drive or an instrumental action? A character syndrome or a cultural manifestation? By an answer, it is believed that we can resolve the why of our social conflict, violence, and war. Many of these views coalesce around the question of aggression. Or, admitting that heredity provides the possibility, still others see conflict, aggression, and violence as the outcome of blocked drives, needs, desires-that is, of frustration. Others have qualified this, asserting that aggression is only a potentiality manifested through a particular psychological structure and processes.
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Our conflict is phylogenetic in origin, and violence is part of our nature. Some have observed that by nature, by instinct, by heredity, we aggress on our fellows.
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(2) The practice of setting upon anyone the making of an attack or assault.įor an understanding of conflict, hostility, and violence, many have looked to the inner person. Opposition, Determinism, Inevitability, and ConflictĬONFLICT IN PERSPECTIVE Chapter 2 AggressionĪggression: (1) An unprovoked attack the first attack in a quarrel an assault, an inroad. Conflict as a Process and the Conflict Helixĩ. Cross-Pressures, Overpopulation, Anomie, and ConflictĨ. Same and Other Similarity and Differenceħ. Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict HelixĦ. Misperception, Cognitive Dissonance, Righteousness, and Conflictĥ. Frustration, Deprivation, Aggression, and the Conflict HelixĤ.